History of Art Styles
Prehistoric:
- Paleolithic (30,000BC-8000BC)
- Neolithic (8000BC - 1000BC)
- Bronze Age (2000BC - 1200BC)
Western:
- Egyptian (3000BC - 332BC)
- Sumerian, Assyrian, Persian (3000BC - 331BC)
- Aegean (2000BC - 1100BC)
- Greek (1100BC - 146BC)
- Roman (146BC - 476AD)
- Early Christian (313-600AD)
- Byzantine (330-1453) - also from Persian culture
- Romanesque (1000-1200)
- Gothic (1137-1550) typically religious,
distinctive arched design of churches - also from Islamic culture
- International Gothic (1350-1480) more
secular eg. de Fabriano, Witz, van Eyck,
- Gothic Revival (1820-80)
- Proto-Renaissance (1300-1420) eg. Giotto
- Early Renaissance (1420-1490) eg. Masaccio, Fra
Angelico, Francesca, Botticelli
- Renaissance in northern Italy
- examples:
- Mantegna - (1431-1506) the master
of perspective and the fore-shortened figure
- Foppa (1427-1515)
- Da Vinci (1452-1519)
- Bellini
- Giorgione - painted the 1st "reclining
nude" in 1507, creating a new genre
- Titian (Venice - 1490-1576) -
influenced the Lombards & Caravaggio
- Brescian artists Moroni, Moretto &
Savoldo (1480-1550) who specialised in the
study of light & was a precursor to
Caravaggesque luminism
- Renaissance in northern Europe (1495-1580) eg.
Durer, Hans Holbein, Brueghel
- High Renaissance (1490-1520) calm, ordered eg.
Michelangelo, Raphael
- Mannerism (1520-80) tension, discord
following scientific discoveries and Calvinist
Reformation & Counter-Reformation of the
Christian Church.
- examples of Mannerists:
- late Michelangelo (Florence) -
anti-classical
- Tintoretto (Venice)
- El Greco (Spain)
- late Raphael - respectful of
classicism, achieved a perfect synthesis
of form and colour with the most
expressive results.
- northern Lombard naturalism:
- in Lombardy, a more expressive style
of Mannerism flourished, based on
regional peculiarities that had already
been evident in previous centuries.
Artists endeavoured to avoid stylistic
compromise, preferring simplicity &
attention to naturalistic detail,
following on from the Renaissance
painter Foppa, who, in the 15thC, was
interested in the perception of the
fluctuating effects of light and shadow,
and noted for his lively, realistic
representation & Da Vinci who had
arrived at a representation of truth
founded largely on scientific
investigation and was the 1st artist to
concern himself with expressing the
feelings of the people he depicted.
- in the 1580's, the Lombard painters
flocked to the more culturally rich Rome
and Pope Sixtus V who was an art lover
- Carracci academy Bologna's
naturalism (1585-88)
- return to Lombardy naturalism
in opposition to the
artificiality in late Mannerist
art.
- the origins of the still
life (late 16th C):
- a return to easel painting
instead of frescos in order
to capture the immediacy of
real life events combined
with Flemish experiences of
portraying natural detail
and a sense of
three-dimensionality led to
the "still life".
Use of actual models.
- Udine,
- Caravaggio
(southern Italy d1610) -
studied the movements and
spontaneous reactions of
people in a manner far
removed from the
captiousness that so often
pervaded Mannerism
- late Roman Mannerism (1585-1600):
- Pope Sixtus V (1585-90) overseas the
reconstruction of Rome and imposed on
artists a homogeneous style of
figuration that reinforced the work's
overall moral purpose. For the 1st time,
Flemish influences were seen in Italian
art. eg. da Reggio
- Baroque (1580-1750) heavy,
theatrical, dynamic, emotional, often
violent
- during the 1620's, painters throughout
Europe were alerted to the news
emanating from Rome: the revolutionary
art of the late Caravaggio who achieved
astonishingly realistic effects through
the use of diagonal light, corresponded
with a rapid expressive development of
the Baroque style & the result was a
lavish tour de force of colour &
animation.
- examples of Baroque:
- Rubens (Flemish - 1577-1640
- dominated the Antwerp school)
after trip to Rome in 1601,
recognised Rome could offer a wealth
of old & new material, which he
converted it into
"Baroque" form. He linked
this with Titianesque colour &
Caravaggesque chiaroscuro, and was
fascinated by the power of
Caravaggio's religious paintings but
had little admiration for his
figurative compositions.
- Utrecht School (Catholic Dutch) -
inspired by Caravaggio
- Rembrandt (Calvinist Dutch
d1669), his portraits tended to be
character studies of a more
psychological nature. He is one of
the greatest engravers of all time.
-
Velasquez - strongly influenced by
Caravaggio
- Gentileschi - strongly influenced by
Caravaggio, famed for his female
nudes in particular
- La Tour - St Mary
Magdalene with candle1635
- Rococo (1700-90) King Louis XV; dainty,
charming often based on motifs from shells eg. Watteau, Fragonard, Boucher,
Tiepolo
- Classicism (1550-1760) return to calm
Renaissance style eg. Poussin, Le Lorrain
- English 18thC (1760-1800) eg.
Reynolds, Gainsborough, Hogarth
- Victorian Classicism
(1840-1900)
- Neo-Classicism (1780-1840) American &
French revolutions style - a severe, unemotional form of art
harkening back to the style of ancient Greece and Rome eg.
David
- Romanticism (1800-1900) reaction against
neo-classicism - a deeply-felt style which is
individualistic, beautiful, exotic, and emotionally wrought.
eg. Goya, Constable, Hudson River School, Turner, Friedrich
- Symbolism (late 19thC) spooky mysticism eg.
Moreau, Redon,
- Expressionism (see below)
- Australian Colonial (1831-1885) eg. Glover,
Martens, Buvelot
- Contemporary Australian (1939-) eg. Dobell,
Drysdale, Nolan, Boyd
- Pre-Raphaelitism (1848-1900) return to early
Renaissance eg. Hunt, Millais, Rossetti
- Golden Age of Illustration (1880-1930) eg.
Rackham, Crane, Dulac, Beardsley, Pyle
- British Arts and Crafts movement (late 19thC)
craftsmanship & design
- Art Nouveau (1880-1920) elegant
decorative; intricate curved lines eg. Klimt
- Realism (1850-80) rejected academic artificiality, historical
fantasy & romantic exaggeration eg. Manet, Courbet, Daumier
- Impressionism (1870-90) capture transient light on scenes eg. Monet, Renoir,
Pissarro, Sisley, Degas
- Australian Impressionism (1885-) eg. Heidelberg School
(Roberts, McCubbin, Streeton, Conder); Hans Heysen, Gruner; Meldrum;
- Les Nabis (1889-99) tried to connect Impressionism with theories
of Gaugin eg. Bonnard, Vuillard
- Precisionism / Cubist Realism (1920-1940) realistic rendering of
objects but emphasising geometric form eg. Sheeler, Demuth
- Social Realism (1930-1940) eg. Rivera
- Magic Realism (1943-1960) overtones of fantasy & wonder eg.
Cadmus, Evergood, Albright, Tooker
- Photo-realism (1965-1980) eg. Kacere
- Contemporary Realism (1965-) eg. Wyeth
- Modern Primitivism (late 19thC) eg. Rousseau
- Modern Architecture (1880 onwards)
- Post-impressionism (1880 onwards) underlying structure, emotional
use of colour & scientific approach to patterns eg. van Gogh, Gauguin,
Cezanne, Seurat
- Pointillism (1880's) brush-style using tiny dots of primary
colors to create secondary colours eg. Seurat
- Fauvism (1905 onwards) "wild animal" unrestrained freedom of artistic
expression to bring emotionalism into art eg. Matisse, Dufy
- Expressionism (1908 onwards) highly personal expression of psyche
eg. Roualt, Munch
- Blaue Reiter (1911-13) eg. Marc
- The Bauhaus Painters (1919-33) eg. Feininger, Klee, Kandisnsky
- also from Cubism
- Kinetic Art (1920 onwards)
- Dadaism (1916-22) eg. Arp, Duchamp, Ernst
- Surrealism (1924-39) "super-real"
dream-like eg. Dali, Miro
- Abstract Expressionism (1947 onwards) rejection of
natural form of objects eg. Pollock, Kline
- Colour-Field (1948 onwards) large flat areas of
colour eg. Rothko
- Op Art / Optical Art (1955 onwards) optical illusions eg. Vasarely,
Uecker, Riley
- Cubism (1907-25) geometric shapes as basis for art eg Picasso,
Gris
- Futurism (1909-20) dynamic sensation of motion & speed eg.
Severini, Boccioni, Balla
- Suprematism (1913-1918) eg. Malevich;
- Australian Post-Impressionism (1913-) eg. Wakelin, Bell, Shore,
Frater, de Maistre;
- Purism (1918-) eg. Le Corbusier, Ozenfant
- Neo-Plasticism / De Stilj (1917-44) 2D geometric eg. Mondrian
- Geometric Abstraction (1932 onwards)
- Hard Edge Abstraction (1955 onwards) eg. Albers, Kelly;
- Minimalism (1960's-) objects stripped down to geometric
form & represented impersonally eg. Kelly
- Pop Art (1953 onwards) explores the everyday imagery which
is part of contemporary consumer culture eg. Warhol, Lichtenstein,
Wesselmann, Rosenquist
Australian
architectural styles:
- housing period styles:
- Victorian (1850-1890's)
- named after Queen Victoria, a broad style covering social
upheavals, the gold rush
- Parliament house
- tiny workers' cottages lining the back streets of Carlton,
Fitzroy, East Melbourne, Geelong, Bendigo & Ballarat
- Edwardian / Federation (1890-1915):
- originally Edwardian referred to those in Victoria &
Federation to those in NSW
- an evolution of the Victorian period
- usually red brick with decorative timber work, wooden veranda
details rather than iron, bigger windows
- verandas often wrap around the corner of the house
- usually single storey with terracotta tiled roofs jutting out at
odd angles & decorated with terracotta creatures
- esp. in the ring of suburbs of Hawthorn, Malvern & Camberwell
- California Bungalow (1915-35):
- imported style from the west coast of US, became popular as the
idea of the house on a quarter acre block began to take hold
- bewildering array of materials & sub-styles but
characteritically has a tapered brick pier supporting the front
porch.
- classy examples exist in Essendon, Moonee Ponds, Brighton to
Mentone
- weatherboard examples exist in Footscray, Sunshine
- Spanish Mission (1920-30):
- a cousin of the California Bungalow, also originating from west
coast of US where it had been appropriated from Sth America
- low slung, but chunkier & more fanciful often with white
rendered exterior to mimic adobe & arches that shade long
verandas or deep porches; ripple effect of Cordova tiled roofs; lots
of heavy dark wood inside - hence our term "mission brown"
- eg. St Kilda
- Art Deco (1929-1940):
- describes a whole design movement covering everything from fabric
& furniture to convertibles & skyscrapers
- came to Australia from France via the rest of Europe & then
the US (eg. Empire State Building)
- "streamlined", "geometric", such as sweeping
curves or dramatic angles in the way windows, chimneys or the front
of the house are formed; or zig-zag or chevron patterns in brickwork
or tiling
- loved chrome & glass, & used new building materials such
as metal window frames, construction quality concrete & glass
bricks
- windows often huge, roofs often flat (but now tend to leak &
are difficult to repair), bathrooms give a Hollywood feel
- eg. Balwyn, Toorak, Camberwell, Elwood, St Kilda
- Modern 1950s:
- the Moderne crazy/cutting edge elements that existed in the 1930's
became mainstream & dropped the 'e'
- often cream brick with big metal-framed windows; sandblasted
decorative glass; curved street frontages; snazzy open-plan living
areas;
- exuberant use of colour & new materials such as vinyl &
laminates
- but most have big windows facing East & West requiring striped
canvas blinds
- eg. middle suburbs of Thornbury through to Pascoe Vale, to
Cheltenham & Beaumaris
- 1960's:
- architectural norms began to dissolve in the 60's as with most
other norms
- hard to find a clearly identifiable style, although some took the
sleek minimalism and airiness of the 1950's to a new extreme
- appear all over Melbourne as older houses started to be demolished
but esp. in the new suburbs of Ringwood, Vermont
- 1970's:
- trend back to nature with stripping away of plaster to expose aged
brick, painting iron lacework mission brown, new homes made with mud
brick (esp. Eltham), surrounded by native plants
- in urban areas new homes had brown bricks & dark timbers to
reflect the earthy impulse, often contrasted with burnt orange,
terracotta & eucalypt green decors
- ensuites, wardrobes, open-plan & split levels made a
appearance
- in many areas, houses were demolished to make way for inexpensive,
minimalistic double or triple storey flats - usually with dark brown
bricks and concrete
- by the late 1970's, the Mediterranean migrants of the 1950's now
more affluent, tended to move from their 1950's weatherboards to new
double storey box-shaped brick houses often with swimming pools eg.
Keilor, Doncaster
- 1980's:
- took the best of the 70's and replaced the 70's decor to create
very livable, houses with an entertainment & often low energy
focus
- eg. Airport West, Keilor Downs,
- 1990's:
- a large portion of new houses were of Victorian or Edwardian
styles while others further developed the low energy, entertainment
houses of the 1980's or the modern double storey taken to extremes
of 40 squares
- housing developments in golf resorts became popular
- eg. Taylors Lakes, Keilor-Melton Rd estates, Sanctuary Lakes
Far Eastern Art:
- Japanese:
- archaic (before 552AD)
- Asuka (552-645)
- Nara (645-794) - golden age of Buddhist art & architecture
- Heian (794-1185) - decorative; creation of Yamato-e school
- Kamakura (1185-1334)
- Muramachi (1334-1568)
- Momoyama (1568-1615)
- Edo (1615-1868) - ornate; multi-coloured woodblock prints;
- Tokyo (1868 -) Western influence
- comic art:
- Manga (1815-) eg. Hokusai, Tezuka Ozamu (1947-
- Anime (animated Manga for film) (1967-)
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