History of Music - 20th Century - Formal

see also:

Introduction:

new styles:
- modernism (Schonberg, Stravinsky, Bartok, Hindemith)
- neoclassicism (Stravinsky)
- expressionism (Berg, Webern)
- serialism (Boulez)
- electronic music (Stockhausen)
- aleatoric music & indeterminancy (Cage)
- minimalism (Reich, Glass)

Composers:

Pre-WWII:
- Edward Elgar (1857-1934):
- Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872-1958):
  - Fantasia on a theme by Thomas Tallis
  - Fantasia on Greensleeves
  - Symphony #3
- Aaron Copland (1900-1990):
  - Fanfare for the Common Man
  - Appalachian Spring
- French impressionists (based music on non-functional harmonic principles):
  - Claude Debussy (1862-1918):
    - French composer influenced by Wagner
    - orchestral:
      - Nocturnes (1899)
      - La Mer (1905)
      - Images (1912)
      - the ballets Jeux (1913), Khamma (1912), La boite a joujoux (1913)
  - Maurice Ravel (1875-1937):
    - works:
      - Bolero
      - Daphnis et Chloe, La valse
- Arnold Schonberg (1874-1951):
  - Austro-Hungarian composer, citizen of America from 1941
  - freer treatment of dissonance in the twelve-tone music of the New Viennese School of Schonberg, Berg & Webern
  - Chamber Symphony #1, Pierrot Lunaire, Verklarte Nacht
- Alban Berg (1885-1935):
  - Austrian composer, a pupil of Schonberg
- Anton von Webern (1883-1945):
  - Austrian composer, one of Schonberg's 1st pupils
  - Music for string quartet, Five orchestral pieces
- Paul Hindemith (1895-1963):
  - Mathis der Maler symphony
- Carl Nielsen (1865-1931):
  - Symphonies 1-5
- Heitor Villa-Lobos (1887-1959):
  - Bachianas Brasileiras
- Georges Enesco (1881-1955):
  - Romanian poem, Romanian rhapsodies
- George Gershwin (1898-1937):
  - American composer wrote for pop music as well as concert music, writing songs, Broadway musicals which not only define the 1920's & 30's (esp. Oh Kay!, Girl Crazy, Lady Be Good), but break paths which would be fully exploited later by Rogers & Hammerstein.
  - the American equivalent of Verdi
  - Rhapsody in Blue (1924), Piano Concerto in F (1925)
- Gustavus Holst (1874-1934):
  - English-born German
  - The Planets
- Leos Janacek (1854-1928):
  - Quartets for strings, Sinfonietta
- Bela Bartok (1881-1945):
  - introduced folk elements into music
  - Concerto for orchestra, concertos for piano, quartets
- Jean Sibelius (1865-1957):
  - Concerto for violin, Finlandia, Symphonies #2,5
- Carl Orff (1895-1982):
  - Carmina Burana (1936)
- Erik Satie (1866-1925):
  - piano music: Gymnopedie, Gnossienne
- Ottorino Respighi (1879-1936):
  - Ancient airs & dances, Fountains of Rome, Pines of Rome
- Sergei Prokofieff (1891-1953):
  - Classical Symphony, Concerto #3 Piano, Peter and the Wolf, Sonatas for piano (6,7,8), Symphony #5
- Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971):
  - Russian composer who in 1934 became French nationalty & then in 1945, American nationality
  - works:
    - The Firebird (1910), Petrushka (1911), The Rite of Spring (1913)
    - Pulcinella (1920) sparked neo-classicism
    - Piano Concerto, Sonata, Serenade in A
post-WWII:
- Samuel Barber (1910-81):
  - American composer
  - Adagio for Strings
- Aram Khachaturian (1903-78):
  - concertos, Gayane ballet
- Joaquin Rodrigo (1901-99):
  - Concierto de Aranjuez for Guitar & Orchestra
- Dmitri Shostakovich (1906-1975):
  - String Quartets #8, Symphonies 5,7,10
- Leonard Bernstein (1918-90):
  - Chichester psalms
  - West Side Story
- John Cage (1912-92):
  - American composer
- Maurice Durufle (1902-1986):
  - Requiem
- Luigi Nono (1924-90):
  - Austrian composer
  - works:
    - Intolleranza (1960), Il canto sospeso (1956), Hay que caminar
- Witold Lutoslawski (1913-94)
  - Polish composer