see also:

• digital audio workspaces (DAWs) / VST synthesizers
• sound
• audio cables, adapters, bluetooth speakers, karaoke for camping
• battery powered speakers for synths and PA
• keyboard synthesizers
• history of keyboard synthesizers

• the MIDI standard was agreed upon in 1981 and 1st demonstrated in 1983 revolutionised the way synths and keyboards could interact

• 1963:
  • Moog Modular & Buchla 100:
    • independently, Robert Moog (USA) and Don Buchla (USA) create the first transistor-based voltage‑controlled modular analog systems, establishing VCO/VCF/VCA architecture still used today.
• 1964:
  • Moog Modular (commercial): First commercially successful modular analog synth, with patchable modules for oscillators, filters, envelopes, and more; used in avant‑garde and film music.
• 1969:
  • EMS VCS3 (“The Putney”): First compact, semi‑modular analog synth with a pin‑matrix instead of full patch cables; influential in UK rock and electronic music.
    • compact, semi‑modular analog synth with a pin‑matrix instead of patch cables
    • often used by Pink Floyd for effects, sweeps, and atmospheric textures along with Synthi A / Synthi AKS
• 1970:
  • Moog Minimoog Model D: First widely adopted portable analog synth; monophonic hard‑wired architecture (no patch cables), three oscillators, iconic bass and lead sounds; used across rock, funk, and early electronic music.
• Early 1970s:
  • ARP 2500 / 2600, EML ElectroComp: Large modular/semi‑modular analog systems competing with Moog; the ARP 2600 becomes a staple in studios and on stage.
  • bands like Pink Floyd used splicing and looping of recorded audio tape to create special effect sounds such as in Money or Time but getting these to work well with the new quadrophonic speaker outputs was not easy
• 1973:
  • ARP Odyssey: Duophonic portable analog synth with flexible modulation; widely used in prog rock and pop.
• 1974:
  • ARP Solina String Ensemble
    • polyphonic string synth; used by Pink Floyd in Wish You Were Here and Animals for lush string pads
  • Yamaha CS‑80: high‑end polyphonic analog synth with 8 voices, rich expression, and heavy use in film and pop; one of the most powerful analog polys of the decade.
• 1975:
  • Roland RS‑101 - Roland's 1st dedicated string synth
• 1976:
  • Roland RS‑202 - added features like user‑controlled vibrato delay and the famous Ensemble chorus effect
• 1978:
  • Sequential Circuits Prophet‑5: First fully programmable polyphonic analog synth with patch memory; microprocessor‑controlled but still analog signal path; sets the template for modern analog polys.
• Early 1980s:
  • Roland Jupiter‑8, Juno‑6/60/106: flagship polyphonic analogs (Jupiter‑8) and later cost‑reduced classics (Juno‑60, Juno‑106) with chorus and simple interfaces; mainstays in pop, new wave, and early house.
• 1982:
  • Roland Jupiter‑6 & Prophet‑600: First synths with MIDI (1983 standard), still analog; enables integration with emerging digital gear.
  • Roland Planet-S (my 1st synth): budget rack version, needed to use guitar pedal special effects for the special effects lie phasers, etc
  • combined nicely with the lovely Yamaha KX-88 keyboard (my 1st keyboard for synths) with MIDI inputs but no internal synth and very heavy
• Mid‑1980s the late‑stage of classic analog design before FM and sampling dominate
  • 1984: Oberheim Xpander
    • 6‑voice, keyboardless analog synth module, essentially the rack version of what later became the Matrix‑12 (released in 1985)
  • 1986: Roland JX-10 (Super JX) succeeded the JX‑8P and was effectively a “double JX‑8P” architecture, offering 12‑voice polyphony and two DCOs per voice - rack module Roland MKS‑70

• 1979:
  • Fairlight CMI (II/III) digital sampler designed to capture audio, edit and map them for playback on keyboards
• 1980:
  • Casio Casiotone VL‑1: often cited as the first commercial all‑digital synthesizer keyboard (albeit a home/consumer instrument)
• 1981:
  • E‑mu Emulator: more affordable 8‑bit sampling keyboards; captured audio and played it back polyphonically, but again as multi‑sample instruments, not strict wavetables
  • PPG Wave 2 / 2.2 / 2.3 (1981–87): came with many factory wavetables
• 1982:
  • PPG Waveterm A was effectively unique as a dedicated audio‑capture‑to‑wavetable workstation for keyboard synths
• 1983:
  • Yamaha DX7 introduced digital FM synthesis which revolutionized synths and most popular music in the 1980s was based on this technology
    • it was much cleaner and brighter than analog and did not suffer pitch drift
    • 12‑bit DACs with 6 sine‑wave operators arranged in 32 preset algorithms with 16‑voice polyphony and 32 internal patches
• 1984:
  • Casio CZ‑101 / CZ‑1000: First widely available “phase distortion” digital synths, a cheaper FM‑like alternative to the DX7
  • Kurzweil K250: First fully digital workstation with high‑quality sampling and playback; influential in studios and film scoring.
  • E‑mu Emulator II - update of the 8‑bit sampling keyboard
• 1985
  • Korg DW‑8000: Digital wavetable‑style synth with analog filters; part of the mid‑80s shift toward hybrid digital/analogue designs.
  • early prosumer digital samplers designed to capture audio, edit and map them for playback on keyboards
• 1986:
  • Korg DSS‑1: combined digital sampling with some wavetable‑like manipulation
• 1987:
  • Roland D‑50: “Linear Arithmetic” (sample + synthesis) digital synth; best‑selling digital synth of the late 80s and a major shift away from pure FM.
  • Roland D-550 - rack module version
  • Yamaha DX7II - adds significant architectural (eg. 16‑bit DACs, 64 internal patches, bi‑timbral (dual/split) mode, 3.5“ floppy disk storage, more complex SysEx MIDI format) and implementation improvements (eg. mono aftertouch, mechanical (raised) buttons, larger display, each voice can now store its own performance characteristics) that affect sound quality, programming, and performance
    • Yamaha TX802 - an 8‑part multitimbral rack module version of the DX7II FM synth engine, and became one of the definitive FM tone generators of the late 1980s
• 1988
  • Korg M1: Sample‑and‑synthesis “music workstation”; one of the best‑selling synths ever, with iconic ROM presets (e.g., “Universe”, “Piano 16”).
  • Sequential Prophet VS: Vector synthesis digital synth (joystick cross‑fade between waveforms), later influential in software synths.
• 1989/early 90s:
  • E‑mu Proteus series: Dedicated ROMpler modules (sample‑playback keyboards/modules) that dominated studios and film/TV scoring.
• 1990:
  • Korg Wavestation: 61‑note keyboard with inbuilt digital wavetables - a performance‑oriented keyboard using PCM samples with vector synthesis and wave sequencing
• 1993:
  • Roland JD-800 (rack version - JD‑990) added FXM (Frequency Cross‑Modulation), a form of FM‑style modulation on top of PCM waveforms, giving more aggressive, bell‑like and metallic tones
• early–mid 1990s: expanded sample‑based synthesis, multitimbrality, and onboard sequencing
  • Roland JV/XV series
    • PCM‑based with complex structures and some FM‑type modulation options, but not pure FM synths
  • Korg T‑series
  • Yamaha SY/TG/TYROS
• 1994:
  • Yamaha VL1: First commercial physical‑modelling synth (mathematical modeling of real instruments rather than samples), marking a new digital synthesis paradigm.
• 1995:
  • Korg Prophecy: Early “analog modeling” synth using DSP to emulate analog circuits digitally.
  • Clavia Nord Lead: One of the first “virtual analog” keyboards, digitally emulating classic analog synth behavior.
• Late 1990s–2000s — Software synths & VST:
  • Steinberg’s VST (1996) and instruments like ReBirth (1997) shifted much digital synthesis into computers, while hardware remained strong for performance.
• 2000s — Access Virus, Dave Smith/Sequential, Korg, Roland digital synths:
  • instruments like the Access Virus (late 90s/2000s) and later Korg Kronos, Roland Fantom, and Yamaha Motif/Montage blended sample playback, virtual analog, and advanced digital engines in workstation keyboards.
• 2010s — modern digital flagships:
  • Yamaha Montage (FM‑X + sample), Korg Kronos (multi‑engine), Roland FA/Fantom (sample + modeling), and Nord Stage/ Electro (sample + virtual analog) represent the current mainstream digital keyboard synth paradigm
• 2020s — updated workstations & hybrids:
  • instruments like Korg Nautilus keyboard synth, Roland Fantom (and later updates), Yamaha MODX+/Montage M, and Nord Stage 4 continue the digital keyboard lineage with deeper sampling, better modeling, and tighter computer integration
  • vintage re‑issues & clones:
    • digital re‑creations and hardware clones (e.g., Korg re‑issues of classic analog designs, Behringer/Cringe clones, and software emulations of DX7, D‑50, M1, etc.) keep 80s/90s digital voices in active use
  • further evolution of software VSTs
    • Arturia pigments
    • Absynth 6