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--- history:h_c19 [2026/06/21 14:35] – [Overview:] gary1
+++ history:h_c19 [2026/06/21 14:42] (current) – [Overview:] gary1
@@ Line 120: / Line 120: @@
         * the discovery of **antitoxins** by von Behring, in the 1890's, to treat tetanus & diphtheria
   ***the Super El Nino event of 1877:**
-    * led to the deaths of 50 million people in just three years a drought-induced famine swept across Asia, South America, and Africa, then nations went to war, trade was severely disrupted, people revolted.
+    * led to the deaths of 50 million people (3-4% of global population) in just three years as a drought-induced famine swept across Asia, South America, and Africa (the Great Famine in India, the Northern Chinese Famine, and the Grande Seca in Brazil) which were heavily exacerbated by colonial practices in India and China, which continued to export grain for profit even as millions starved, then followed a brutal era of global unrest, uprisings, and geopolitical battles heavily fueled by the ensuing starvation, famine, and resource crises, trade was severely disrupted, people revolted. In North America, the winter was exceptionally mild and was known as the Year without a winter. The period ended with the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), which reshaped power dynamics in the Balkans and the Middle East, while many global powers aggressively scrambled for territories and resources to secure their crumbling empires
   * **Science & technology:**
     * state funded education in many countries