Mass Data
Storage
Requirements:
- Fast access time;
- Fast data transfer time;
- Large capacity;
- Reliability;
- Low error rate;
- Long life;
Magnetic Tape:
- The 1st practical mass
storage medium but difficult to standardise;
- Lineal densities on tape:
- 555, 800, 1600,
6250 bpi;
- Long access time
- 1963: Compact cassette
tape for audio introduced by Phillips;
- Video cassette tapes:
- VHS 2hr standard
VCR - 1382Mb max. via Pulse Code Modulation:
- streaming
format, no start/stop,
- no
absolute physical addressing; good for
backup;
- Cartridge products:
- IBM 3480 ½"
tape 4"x4" cartridge 200M (1986?);
- Sony 4mm DDS up to
2Gb (1993);
- Sony 8mm D8 up to
5Gb (1993);
- Sony ¼"
cartridges 40Mb - 1.35Gb (1993);
- TDK 4mm DDS
1.3-2Gb (1993) 61000 bpi
- TDK 8mm DDS 2.3Gb
(1993) 43200 bpi
- 1993: Digital compact cassette
tape (DCC)
introduced by Phillips
- for audio use;
$A1200 drive; $A16 for 90min tape;
Magnetic Disks:
- In the 1960's, magnetic
disks became faster & more reliable;
- 1973: 8" FDD for IBM
370 system equiv. to 3000 punched cards;
- By 1975, 27 independent
suppliers produced them;
- 1976: 5¼" FDD
developed 360Kb
- lower cost; data
transfer 250Kb/sec;
- 40x faster access
time than cassette;
- 100x better error
rate than cassette;
- 1976:
- 14"
Winchester HDD developed - too big/heavy;
- 8" Winchester
HDD developed;
- 5¼"
Winchester HDD developed
- 1980: 3½" FDD
developed by Sony - 720Kb; data transfer 250Kb/sec;
- 1982:
- 8",
5¼", 3.9" HD cartridge developed 6Mb
('82); 12Mb ('83);
- av. access
time 75msec; data transfer 5Mb/sec;
- 8" Bernoulli
drive developed 10Mb
- no
head/disk contact -> longer life; less
head crash;
- 24,000
bpi; data transfer 1.13Mb/sec;
- 1986:
- 1.44Mb 3½"
FDD used in PC's- data transfer 500kb/sec;
- 1.2Mb 5¼"
FDD used in PC's - data transfer 500Kb/sec;
- 1992:
- 2.88Mb 3½"
FDD available for PC's - data transfer rate
1Mb/sec;
- 1994:
- Removable
cartridge hard disk drives:
- Syquest
3.5" 270Mb IDE/SCSI 13.5msec access
$A599 ('94); 270Mb media $A119 ('94);
- Data
transfer rate 2.3Mb/s
- 1995:
- Internal fixed
hard disk drives:
- Jul95:
- EIDE:
540Mb $289; 850Mb $419; 1Gb $469;
- SCSI-2:
340Mb $295; 840Mb $495; 1Gb $760;
- Fast
SCSI-2: 2.1Gb $1395; 4Gb 2090;
- Removable
2.5" notebook hard disk drives (IDE):
- Jul95:
340Mb $425; 540Mb $599; 850Mb $835;
- External Parallel
Port "Pocket" Phd Hard Disk drives
(~16msec access);MTBF 300,000hrs
- software
drivers, power via keyboard port or AC;
data transfer rate 400kb/s;
- Jul95:
340Mb $579; 520Mb $807; 860Mb $1100;
- External Parallel
Port or SCSI "Zip" HDD (manuf. Iomega, distrib. Polaroid?/PAW)
- 29msec
av.seek time; transfers 26Mb in 4.5min?
(cf 1min for normal HDD transfers)
- Sustained
0.79-1.4Mb/s; 60Mb/min SCSI; up to
20Mb/min Parallel;
- Jul95:
Drive (either par/SCSI) $400; 100Mb disks
$30ea
- Jul'96:
Drive: $350; 100Mb disk $26ea box 10;
- Removal cartridge HDD:
- Syquest
EZ135 Drive:
- 135Mb
drive 13.5msec av.seek; sustained
1.4-2.4MB/sec;
- Burst
4Mb/s;
- Jul'95:
drive - IDE int: $399; SCSI II
ext: $495;
- Jul'96:
drive ext. $283; 135Mb cartridge
$44;
- May'96:
- Jaz 1Gb
cartridges;
- 6Mb/sec;
- May'96:
ext. drive $975; 1Gb disk $180;
- Jun'98:
ext: $A565; 1Gb disk $160;
- Jul'96:
- Syquest SyJet
1.3Gb drive; <11msec seek time; SCSI burst
10Mb/s; Sustained 4-7Mb/s;
- EIDE PIO
Mode 4 16.7Mb/s; Int. EIDE or Ext. SCSI
(same price);
- Jul'96:
drive $965; 1.3Gb cartridge $186;
- Aug'97:
- ST EIDE HDDs
- UW SCSI becoming
more reasonably priced
- SuperDisk LS 120
drives:
- Jun'98:
drive $A275; disks $79 per 3;
- 1998:
- Syquest SparQ 1Gb
removable drives:
- parallel
port;
- Jun'98:
drive $399; cartridge $79ea.
- Syquest EZFlyer
230Mb:
- ext. SCSI
- Jun'98:
drive $299; disks $55ea
- Jaz 2Gb removable
drives:
- Jun'98: int: $A930; ext: $A1130;
- Sony 200Mb drives
which can also use 1.44" floppy disks
Optical Storage:
- 1978:
- 12"
Laservision optical disks developed ("Videodiscs")
- read-only;
1hr each side broadcast quality video;
- 25,000
bpi; 1Gb;
- 1982:
- 4.7" Audio compact disc
introduced
by Sony;
- 74min very
high quality stereo audio;
- 1983:
- 12"
write-once WORM drives produced
100-1000Mb;
- 1986
prices: $US21000 drive; $US450/disk;
- 1985:
- 4.7" 12cm CD-ROM produced - uses
infra-red laser
- 600
tracks/mm
- read only
computer data storage 500-600Mb
- uncorrectable
error rate < 10-13;
- transfer
rate 150Kb/sec; access time ~400msec;
- 1986
prices: $US1500 drive; $US200 disk;
- 1994: at
last drives available for $A200 &
disks from $20 -> rapid expansion in
homes
- 1986:
- 5¼" WORM
disk produced $US5000 drive; $US99/disk;
- -
100-200Mb (400Mb by 1987);
- 1993:
- WORM drives:
- ISi 525GB+
- SCSI-2,
1.28Gb; $A5995 ('93)
- Micro
Design LB06MX
- SCSI-2,
600M, 22msec access time, data
transfer 1Mbps; $6915('93)
- Literal
Integrity S-525MF
- WORM
& 128Mb re-writable MO drive;
$6950 ('93)
- Magneto-optical
drives:
- 128Mb
3.5" drives:
- 35msec
access time; 680kbps transfer;
$3999 ('93)
- 45msec
seek, 4Mbps transfer; $2995 ('93)
- IBM:
66ms av. seek, 4.35Mbps transfer;
$2430 ('93)
- 600Mb
5.25" drives:
- 22msec
access time; 1Mbps transfer;
$6915 ('93)
- 1995:
- Development of
3.7Gb/7.4Gb 12cm DVDROM using red laser
- 4.7Gb per
side
- dual
layered discs 17Gb for 2 sides
- Aug'1997:
- DVD 1st generation
drives arrive $1000-1200 for kit:
- drive
$499;
- PCI MPEG-2
decompression card $499;
- problems
reading CD-R & CD-rewritable discs
- CDROM drives now
24x;
- CD Recordable
drives fall to $600;
- 1998:
- DVD 2nd generation
drives:
- improved
compatibility for reading CD-R &
CD-rewritable discs
- speed for
CDROMs is equivalent to 16-24x IDE CDROM
- don't
currently support:
- DVD-recordable
or DVD-RAM disks
- Divx
DVD-like format so that users
have to enter a special code
after 48hrs play eg. for rental
disks
- MPEG-2
decoder cards:
- are
of 2 types:
- video inlay:
- card processes
video then pushes MPEG-2
through computers VGA
card
- compatibility
problems with VGA cards
as they need to support
linear memory addressing
- a feature lacking in
many current VGA cards
- compatible VGA
cards include:
- eg. CineMaster
decoder board
- video overlay:
- card adds MPEG-2
video after processing by
VGA card using an
external loop-back cable
so that the monitor is
now connected to the
MPEG2 decoder card.
- no compatibility
problems with VGA cards
- line
outs:
- TV out
- S-video
- composite video
- less precise video as
it mixes all analog video
- S/PDIF jack
(pronounced
"speedif") -
Dolby AC-3 signals for
surround sound setups
- regular
2-channel audio out for
conventional 2 speaker
setups
- VGA out if video
overlay board
- DVD-RAM:
- cartridge-encased
discs storing 2.6Gb per side
- eg.
Hitachi GF-1050 - drive reads DVD, CDROM,
CD-R & CD-RW; $A1500 Dec'98
- 1999:
- DVD-rewritable:
- 3Gb disc
virtually identical to DVD ROM for
physical compatibility
- eg. Sony,
Phillips, HP
- Multimedia Video
File (MMVF):
- 5.2Gb per
side, enough for 2hrs of video
- eg. NEC
Magneto-optical storage
(rewritable):
- 1992:
- 3.5" 20Mb
- - $A600
drive; $A50/disk;
- Canon ? size:
$A5595 drive; $A345/disk;
- 1993:
- 3.5" 128Mb
- -
av.access time 40msec; 1993 $A2000 drive;
$A100/disk;
- - data
transfer rate 640Kb/sec;
- 5.25" 650Mb
- -
av.access time 37msec;
- - data
transfer rate 1Mb/sec; rot.speed 3600rpm;
- 5.25" 1.3Gb
- -
av.access time 23.5msec;
- - data
transfer rate 1.6Mb/sec; rotational speed
2400rpm;
- Minidisk (MD) audio intro. by
Sony 74min. $A1200 drive; $A24;
- '94:
- Sony 1" high
3.5" 128Mb MO Drive:
- 375kB/s
data transfer rate; SCSI-II;
- '95:
- Fujitsu 3.5"
230Mb MO disks
- av. access
time 35secs; data transfer rate 1.5Mb/s;
needs SCSI-2 adapter;
- drive
backward compatible with 128Mb MO disks;
lifespan disks ~30yrs;
- '95:
int.drive $895; ext.drive $1220; 230Mb
disks $58;
PhotoCD:
- 1993:
- 4.7" CD-ROM
drives available compatible with photo-CD (Kodak)
- - access
times 265-320msec;
- - transfer
rates 154-300Kb/sec;
- -
photo-CD: stores 100 images in 5
resolutions/disk;
- multi-session
possible;
- 1993:
$A500-1000 depending on speed/interface
type;
- Kodak Photo-CD
Service:
- 1993
prices:
- Min.#
Total Cost Cost/image
- At time of
Dev/Print film: 7-14 $39.95
- 15-27
$49.95
- 28-40
$67.95
- Intro.
offer 1 film type: 65 $1.50 ea
- Duplicate
Disk $1.50 ea + $12 disk
- One type
film unordered: 20 $3.00 ea + $12 disk
- Ordered
images: 20 $5.00 ea? + $12 disk
CD-Recordable Services:
- SCSI Corp Bureau Service:
- '94: $150 all
inclusive charge per disk, $100/disk for copies;
- supply data on
SCSI HDD or MO drive
CD Recordable:
- '94:
- Phillips CDD 521
CD recorder:
- records CD-ROM(XA), CD Bridge Multi-session;
CD-I; CD-Audio;
- Write-once
CD format (Orange Book, part II
specification);
- SCSI-II;
capacity 550Mb (mode 1), 630Mb (Mode 2),
Double Speed recorder
- $A7699
('94); media $A29/disk;
- Yamaha CD-100
Internal Quad Speed recorder:
- $A7255
('94); $A8799 ('94 external);
- '95:
- Yamaha CDE-100 -
(ext.) quad-speed read & write -> writes
650Mb in 18min.
- with
Easy-CD Pro software
- Ricoh RS-9200CD -
single spin ext. recorder with Easy-CD Pro
software
- Pinnacle RCD1000 -
dble spin recorder with software
- '96:
- HP dbl spin
recorder, quad player $1750;
- '97:
- 1998:
- read, write &
re-writable:
- HP
SureStore 7200:
- 6x
read, 2x write;
- Jun'98:
ext: $A989; int $A869;
re-writable media $5ea;
recordable media $2.50ea;
- TraxData CDRW 4260:
- 6x read; 4x write; 2x re-write;
SCSI;
- Jun'98: ext. $A1099; int. $A999;
- TraxData CDRW:
- 6x read; 2x write; 2x rewrite;
int. IDE
- Jun'98: int: $A699
- read, write only:
- TraxData CDR 4120:
- 4x write; 12x read; SCSI
- Jun'98: ext: $A949; int: $A849;
CD-Mastering Software for
CD-Recordable:
- '94:
- Gear for
Dos/Windows:
- Win ISO
Multisession v 3.0 $A1290;
- Win ISO
Multimedia & Multisession v 3.0
$A2324
- '98:
- TraxData:
- Just Audio
Recording Studio $A89
- CD
Labelling Kit $A89
Mass Storage alternatives:
Comparison of data transfer
rates & access times:
Type data transfer rate av.
seek MTBF Shock
max cont.read (msec) (hrs)
(G's)
Floppy disk 0.5 320?
CDROM:
Single speed 0.15 320?
Dbl speed 0.300 240-300 50,000
Quad-speed 0.614 150
Ext. parallel port drives:
Phd 0.4 16 300,000
Zip 0.1? 25
Ext. SCSI-II drives
Syquest 270 4.0 2.4 13.5
100,000 3
Syquest EZ135 4.0 2.4 13.5
2,000,000
Fujitsu 230 MO 2.1 1.47 30.0
40,000 2
Jaz 1Gb 6
Syquest SyJet 1.3Gb 10 4-7 11
PCMCIA:
Syquest 1080 1.3 16 150,000 100
Int. HDD:
340Mb IDE <5 12
SCSI-II synch. 10 12 500,000
EIDE Fast ATA 11 12 500,000
EIDE Fast ATA-2 16.6 12 500,000
EIDE ST (1997)
Fast Wide SCSI-II 20 <10
1,000,000
Ultra SCSI-III 20 <10
1,000,000
Wide Ultra SCSI-III 40 <10
1,000,000
1995: Type Drive price disk
size(Mb) disk price AccessTime B'ev.Dsks
SCSI HDD 535 $399 9msec 1
Syquest remov.HDD 575 270 $120
13msec 5
Syquest PCMIA HDD 600? 80 ?100
25msec?
PH-D ext.parallel port 520 $807
16msec
Ext. Zip Drive 400 100 $30
25msec?
Magneto-optical 1200 230 $58
35msec
CD-Recordable 3700 650 $39
250msec 6
CD-R bureau service 650 $150
250msec
CDROM master ?3000-1st disk 650
$5 250msec
WORM 6900 600 22msec
Costs of Distributable CD
media/disk (1 master + copies):
Number 1 10 20 40 100 500
CD-R home 3739 409 224 132 76
CD-R bureau 150 105 100 100 100
100
CDROM ?3000 300 155 80 35 11