see also:

• bushwalking in Australia
• snake survival: how to avoid snakebites and first aid if you do get bitten on your bushwalks in Australia
• https://www.snowys.com.au/blog/snake-survival-what-every-camper-should-know/
• http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-09-29/life-saving-lessons-for-snake-bites-ahead-of-warmer-weather/10302004
• http://www.ayton.id.au/gary/Leisure/snakes.htm
• Youtube: Australian venomous snake behaviour

• most of the world's top 10 venomous snakes reside in Australia!
• snakes in Australia are a protected species!
• Australian snakes DO NOT seek out and attack humans (large pythons have rarely been reported to do so in Queensland with small children)
• the venomous snakes are Elapids of which there are 90 terrestrial species which account for 57% of all terrestrial species in Australia, and the non-venomous pythons ¹⁾
• Australian is home to over 130 species of the 320+ known species of Elapid snakes (including sea snakes)
• all Australians and travelers to the Australian bush or coastal regions should know how to avoid and how to survive a snake bite.
• snakes eat frogs, eggs, small mammals, lizards and even other snakes
• Tiger snakes and Red bellied black snakes are mainly found near waterways
  • the most common snake in alpine regions is the Highland copperhead
  • the Eastern brown is a faster moving snake often in warmer drier areas
• snakes are active when their body temperatures are between 28 and 32 °C and thus unless its really hot, they thermoregulate by basking in warm sunny spots in the cool early morning (eg. on your pathway) and rest in shade in the middle of hot days (eg. under a car or more usually in taller grasses and under bushes or rocks), and may reduce their activity in hot dry weather in late summer and autumn
  • cooler-climate species like to keep their bodies cooler still
  • in the northern parts of Australia, where temperatures are consistently warm, snakes avoid the harsh heat and are most active during early mornings, night time, and following the wet season (April to June)
  • in the southern parts of Australia, snakes go into hiding during the cooler months. They slow their metabolism to almost zero and essentially sleep (or “brumate”) through the winter (ectotherms such as reptiles brumate while endotherms such as bears hibernate). Sensing shorter days in winter keeps them asleep, preventing them from using fat stores or eating food they will not be warm enough to digest. That’s why even a warm sunny day in the middle of winter may not wake them up. A combination of daily temperatures and daylight hours in spring then triggers southern snakes to wake up and begin the breeding season. Tiger snakes only emerged from shelter once their bodies reached 16°C – provided it isn’t raining.
• in general, the only time two snakes are in the same place is during courtship and mating. Otherwise the larger snake will usually kill and eat the smaller one
• snakes can feel vibrations and hear loud low pitch sounds (below 600Hz - human voice is 100-250Hz, at least at 85dB such as a loud voice at 1.2m) but have trouble hearing higher pitched sounds
  • pythons seem to go towards sounds displaying curiosity
  • ambush predators such as death adders tend to move away from sounds presumably to avoid being stepped on
  • fast moving day time predators such as browns and taipans seem to display defensive and cautious behaviours, signalling potential avoidance behaviour from raptors
• most snakes do NOT want to be seen by bigger animals like humans and other than when they warm up in the morning sun on paths and rocks, they will avoid open spaces
• most snakes move silently - if you hear a noise in the undergrowth it is much more likely to be a lizard or another animal
• snakes generally will try to make their way to their preferred escape route and last known safe haven, but sometimes they make poor choices when threatened and their eye sight is relatively poor - if a human is between them and their safe haven they may adopt a defensive raised posture to try to signal to you to get out of their way and then they will approach their safe haven which may appear they are chasing you but they are not!
• if you approach and harass them they respond with a strike and a bite, although, fortunately, most are dry bites which do not envenomate - never try to catch a snake unless you are trained to do so - call a snake catcher!
• snakes like to hide under shelters such as sheets of iron roofing, concrete slabs, piles of wood or rocks, etc - take great care when lifting these up.

• snakes evolved from lizards c120-150mya
  • NB. “goannas” (monitor lizards) evolved 90mya in the Nth Hemisphere and migrated to Australia 15mya where they evolved into 28 species
• Pythons (lay eggs, have a pelvic remnant, two lungs, and did not make it to America until recently) diverged from Boa (give birth to live young) in the Cretaceous period and migrated from Asia to Australia and New Guinea via Wallacea c8-14mya
  • ancestors of Morelia split from the Python tree c35mya ²⁾
    • Morelia sp evolved 20-22mya
      • Morelia spilota evolved c8mya
• Elapids (including sea snakes) appear to have evolved from an Asian ancestor 38mya and then rapidly diversified into:
  • coral snakes (30-25mya)
  • Afro-Asian clade of cobras and mambas (30-25mya)
  • Australasian clade including Bungarus (Kraits) and Elapsoidea (African garter snakes) (Hydrophiinae) 25mya
    • semi-aquatic sea kraits (Laticauda)
    • terrestrial Australian Elapid snakes
      • Pseudechis sp 17.5mya
      • two burrowing lineages (Vermicella+Neelaps, Simoselaps+Brachyurophis) 17mya
      • Pseudonaja and Oxyuranus ancestor 14mya
    • viviparous sea snake (Hydrophiini) ancestor 16mya
      • Australepis and Notechis ancestor 12mya
      • Hydrophis 8mya
• all continents became colonised with snakes by 30-25mya
• it would seem the Australian elapids are all fairly closely related to each other as a relatively snake-free Australian continent was colonised only 25 mya ³⁾
• morphological and biochemical data have suggested a close relationship between Australian terrestrial proteroglyphs and hydrophiid sea snakes
• prey preference drives the evolution of venom composition and toxicity in snakes
• see also How Australia evolved in geological terms and evolution

• the main venomous snakes in Victoria (Eastern Brown, Tiger, Copperhead and Red bellied black snake) are all diurnal but may hunt for prey on warm nights (especially the red-bellied black snake which does not like very hot days over 40degC and will thus hunt at night instead on those days)
• the main venomous snakes in Victoria are mainly found on the ground or close to the ground but can rarely be seen on wire fences and climbing hedges or trees in search of birds
  • their prey is usually under 300g - other reptiles, mammals, birds, frogs, eggs, etc but larger snakes will kill and eat other large snakes
• nocturnal snakes include the Bandy Bandy snake in northern Victoria, the rarely seen secretive small eyed snake which hunts sleeping skinks in south-eastern Victoria and non-venomous pythons which are mainly in north-eastern Victoria

• Notechis sp
• 17% of snakebites in Australia
• these are also the main snakes living in Tasmania (where a sub species, the Black Tiger snake also resides)
• relatively poor eyesight and slower moving than a brown and thus more likely to be trodden upon
• in Victoria, the species is the Mainland Tiger Snake (Notechis scutatis) which usually grows to 0.9m but can grow to 2m and prefers coastal areas and wetlands
• these snakes flatten their body and raise their heads if threatened
• they can live 10-15 years and average 1-1.2m in length
• are good swimmers and can stay underwater for at least up to 9 minutes to avoid terrestrial predators
• they are solitary and only interact with other Tiger snakes when they mate in Spring and at this time the males can be aggressive and fight other males for up to 7 hours for mating rights. The female gives birth to 20-30 independent snakelets in late Summer.
• they are generally slow moving, docile (unless threatened) and diurnal - hunting at night only on warm nights
• diet is mainly frogs, tadpoles, lizards and carrion, but will also take small mammals, bats, insect, birds, and fish while the larger Chappell Island tiger snakes will also prey on fat muttonbird chickens
• their main predators are other snakes (adult tiger snakes will often eat juveniles) including the small-eyed snake (Cryptophis nigrescens) (a nocturnal snake found in eastern Australia between northern Cape York Peninsula in Queensland and eastern Victoria) and birds of prey such as harriers, goshawks, butcherbirds, ibises, kookaburras and kites.
• in cooler weather, they aestivate in animal burrows as deep as 1.2m, under large boulders or dead trees. But they may also be found basking outside on warmer winter days.

• Pseudonaja textilis - a fast (can outpace a human running but will not chase humans) snake with good eyesight
• the second-most venomous terrestrial snake in the world
• grows to 1.5m and sometimes to 2m
• found along the east coast of Australia from Malanda in Qld down to Victoria and across to Yorke Peninsula in Sth Australia. Disjunct populations occur elsewhere such as NT.
• tends to prefer drier areas such as sclerophyll forests, coastal heaths, farmlands (especially as they prefer to eat rodents), etc
• has two phases of threat display:
  • partial: raises front of body partly off the ground and flattens neck
  • full: rises up vertically high off the ground, coiling its neck into an S shape, and opening its mouth
• this means, unlike most other snakes, these snakes can bite the upper thigh when standing, but fortunately most bites do not result in envenomation
• they are generally fast moving and diurnal - hunting at night only on warm nights
• walking in undisturbed areas on cool days in September and October risks running into courting male snakes that would not notice people until close as they are preoccupied with mating
• snakes will generally move away early when they detect humans, and they can detect them better if they are wearing dark clothing and approaching quickly and noisily, and are less able to detect when people are moving slowly, especially on a cloudy, windy day

• Pseudechis porphyriacus “false viper”
• native to the east coast of Australia as far north as Gladstone in Qld
• in Victoria it is mainly in the south, east, central parts of Victoria but extends to Sth Australia along the Murray River
• account for 16% of snake bites in Australia but no deaths
  • tend to be more painful than most other Australian snakebites
• it is the most commonly reported species responsible for envenomed dogs in NSW
• not aggressive, less venomous, usually within 100m of a water body, average length 1.25m but can grow to 2.5m
• adjust their conditions to maintain a temperature of 28-31degC
• are very good swimmers and can stay underwater for up to 23 minutes to avoid terrestrial predators
• there are related species in the Atherton Tablelands in Qld (Pseudechis porphyriacus eipperi ) and another in southeastern South Australia (Pseudechis porphyriacus rentoni )
• Youtube: Wicked Wildlife - 10 Things You Didn't Know About The Red Bellied Black Snake

• a shy snake which rarely bite humans unless provoked
• Common Lowlands Copperhead Australeps superbus
  • length usually reaches 1.75m
  • common in southern Victoria and in Tasmania
• Alpine or Highlands Copperhead Australeps ramsayi
  • grows to 1.25m and lives near streams in northern Victoria and southern NSW alpine regions
  • often found on alpine hiking paths in the morning sun even if temperatures are 10degC - they are unlikely to move unless provoked!
• Pygmy Copperhead Australeps labialis
  • confined to Sth Australia

• mainly found in the Wangaratta and eastern Gippsland regions
• Carpet Python Morelia spilota metcalfei - mainly nocturnal; northern areas;
• Diamond Python Morelia spilota spilota - non-venomous; coastal heaths of far east Gippsland

• Little Whip snake Rhinoplocephalus flagellum
• snakes confined mainly to north-western regions of Victoria (eg. Mallee):
  • Western Brown Snake Pseudonaja nuchalis - fast, aggressive
  • Master's snake Drysdalia mastersii - mainly Mallee
  • Mitchell's Short-tailed snake Rhinoplocephalus nigriceps - mainly Mallee & north-central areas
  • Bardick Echiopsis curta - mallee region
  • Port Lincoln snake Rhinoplocephalus spectabilis
  • Red naped snake Furina diadema - rare; usually assoc. with termite mounds
  • Yellow-faced Whipsnake Demansia psammophis - fast snake; Murray River;
• snakes confined mainly to northern Victoria:
  • Curl Snake Suta Suta - mainly in the Loddon, Avoca and Murray rivers region
  • Bandy Bandy snake Vermicella annulata - rarely seen snake in northern areas; nocturnal;
  • Blind snakes Ramphotyphlops spp - rarely seen snake in northern areas; non-venomous; nocturnal;
  • Woodland Proximus Blind Snake (Anilios proximus)
    • found in eastern Queensland, New South Wales, northern Victoria (Grampians to Wodonga - north of the Dividing Range) and eastern South Australia
    • mainly nocturnal and non-venomous, it is a burrowing snake which spends most of its life beneath leaf litter or underground.
    • rarely seen in daytime, but would make incidental appearances after heavy rainfall or warm moist nights using rocks and debris for shelter
    • deter predation by emitting an unpleasant odour from anal glands
• snakes confined mainly to south-eastern Victoria:
  • White-lipped snake Drysdalia coronoides - eastern suburbs Melbourne & southern forests but rarely seen
  • Small-eyed snake Cryptophis nigrescens - warm dry forests of south-eastern Victoria
    • these are one of the few nocturnal snakes in south-eastern Victoria and hunt sleeping skinks but will also prey on tiger snakes
    • https://australian.museum/learn/animals/reptiles/small-eyed-snake/

• Tasmania has three types of snakes: tiger snakes, copperheads and white-lipped snakes — all venomous