Roman republic
Rome conquers Italy, taking leadership of the Latins, defeating the Etruscans, the Volscians, and the Aequians, although the defeat of the Romans at Allia and the capture and burning of Rome by the Gauls under the leadership of the chieftain Brennus in 390 BC were great disasters, but their effect was temporary. Finally, the Greek colonies in southern Italy were subjugated.
509BC,
Battle of Silva Arsia between the new Roman Republic and the exiled Etruscan king and the Etruscans of Tarquinii and Veii results in a win to the Romans but the death of their 1st Consul, Lucius Junius Brutus.
396BC, Roman army led by Roman dictator Camillus defeats the Etruscan stronghold of Veii just north of Rome in a massive 10 year long siege and battle which ended when a tunnel into Veii was found
390BC, the Gauls sack Rome and destroy historical records
350BC, Gauls leave southern France to settle in northern Italy; Etruscan power on the decline;
338BC, 1st Roman coins
Samnite wars
283BC, Romans capture Corsica
272BC, Rome conquers central & southern Italy
266BC, Rome conquers Calabria
265BC, 1st contact of the Romans with Greek medicine through prisoners of war
264BC, 1st public combats of gladiators in Rome
264-241BC, 1st Punic wars against the Phoenicians/Carthagians
Rome vs Carthage for control of the Mediterranean sea
Rome takes control of Sicily, Sardonia, Corsica & Spain
250BC, 1st Roman prison
240BC, Roman literature began with the translation and adaptation of Greek epic and dramatic poetry, and the various Greek schools of philosophy were formally introduced into Rome in 155 BC.
228BC, 1st Roman ambassadors in Athens & Corinth
222BC, Rome conquers northern Italy after defeating the Gauls
218-201BC, 2nd Punic War:
211BC, Hannibal, the Carthagian arrives at Rome via Spain & the Alps, but is defeated in 202 ending the 2nd Punic War
210-168BC, Macedonian wars:
Cato the Elder (234-149BC)
192BC, war with Sparta
183BC, Pisa & Parma become Roman colonies
170BC, earliest known paved streets in Rome
168BC, Rome conquers Macedon after defeating Perseus, with Macedonians sold as slaves in Rome, thus the beginning of Roman world domination
159BC, 1st water clock in Rome
149-146BC, 3rd Punic war - Rome destroys Corinth & Carthage (killing 450,000 of the 500,000 population there!)
147BC, Rome takes control of Greece
120BC, German tribe Cimbri start their exodus for better lands from Jutland Peninsula (Denmark) down to northern Italy
112-105BC, war in Africa, with Jugurtha, king of Numidia defeated
103BC, German tribes Cimbri & Teutones become allies & invade Italy but are defeated in 101BC
90BC, civil war in Rome, Marius driven out by Sulla who regains control of Italy & becomes dictator 82-79BC
88BC, Greeks rise up against Roman rule
79BC, 1st cherry trees imported to Rome from Asia Minor
68BC, capture Crete
Cicero (106-43BC)
Cato the Younger (95-46BC)
63BC, Pompey defeats Mithridates VI of Pontus & then enters Syria, captures Jerusalem & completes conquest of Palestine
62BC, Florence founded
Gaius Julius Caesar (b. 100- 44BC):
nephew of Marius, wins his 1st victories in Spain in 61BC
60BC, returns to Rome & forms the 1st triumvirate with Pompey & Crassus (who is killed in battle 53BC)
58-50BC, goes to Gaul which he conquers & punitive expeditions sent to Britain
50-49BC, rivalry with Pompey for leadership, so crosses Rubicon to start a civil war & defeats Pompey who eventually is murdered in Egypt by order of Cleopatra in 47BC
46BC, Africa made a Roman province; Caesar returns to Rome but is murdered by conspirators led by Brutus & Cassius in 44BC
50BC, earliest form of the oboe
46BC, adoption of Julian calendar with leap year introduced
43BC, Roman military found the French city of Lyon, then called Lugdunum & build road network.
2nd triumvirate: Marc Antony, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus & Gaius Octavius who defeat Brutus & Cassius in 42BC
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31BC, Marc Antony & Cleopatra defeated by Octavian & commit suicide; Egypt becomes a Roman province.
30BC, Octavian renamed Augustus & becomes virtual emperor (31BC-14AD), thus Roman Empire founded
set standards of measurement: