evolution of plants

see also:

• Prehistoric times
• Evolution of Humans
• How Australia evolved in geological terms and evolution
• evolution

• rhodophyta
• glaucaphyta
• viridiplantae
  • chlorophyta (chlorophyte green algae)
  • Prasinococcales
  • streptophyte algae grades
    • bryophytes
      • hornworts
      • liverworts
      • mosses
    • lycophytes
    • ferns
    • spermatophytes
      • gymnosperms (non-flowering seed-producing plants)
        • gymnosperms appear to have evolved 319mya as result of a whole genome duplication event
        • conifers
          • Araucariacieae
            • Wollemia
            • Agathis
            • Collumbea
            • Araucaria
          • Pinaceae
          • Podocarpaceae
          • Cupressaceae
          • Taxaceae
        • Boweniaceae
          • Bowenia
        • Cephalotaxaceae
          • Cephalotaxus
        • Cycadaceae
        • Ephedraceae
        • Ginkgoaceae
        • Gnetaceae
        • Taxodiaceae
        • Welwitschiaceae
        • Zamiaceae
        • angiosperms (flowering plants) c245mya
          • monocotyledons
          • dicotyledons
          • basal angiosperms
            • Amborella, a single species of shrub from New Caledonia;
            • Nymphaeales, about 80 species, water lilies and Hydatellaceae;
            • Austrobaileyales, about 100 species of woody plants from various parts of the world
          • Core angiosperms (Mesangiospermae)
            • Chloranthales, 77 known species of aromatic plants with toothed leaves;
            • Magnoliids, about 9,000 species eg. magnolia, bay laurel, tulip trees, black pepper
            • Monocots, about 70,000 species monocotyledons eg. grasses, orchids, palms
              • Acorales (c131mya)
              • Alismatales
              • lilioids
                • Petrosaviales (c122mya)
                • Dioscoreales (c115mya)
                • Pandanales (c91mya)
                • Liliales (c121mya)
                • Asparagales (c120mya)
                  • Orchidaceae (orchids)
                    • Apostasioideae (2 genera, 15sp SW Asia)
                    • Vanilloideae (15 genera and 180 species, humid tropical and subtropical regions, eastern North America)
                    • Cypripedioideae (Lady Slipper orchids, 5 genera and 130 species)
                    • Epidendroideae (more than 500 genera and more or less 20,000 species)
                    • Orchidoideae (208 genera and 3,630 species)
                  • Boryaceae 12sp drought-tolerant plants Australia
                  • Hypoxidaceae
                    • Blandfordiaceae (Aust)
                    • Lanariaceae (Sth Africa)
                    • Asteliaceae
                    • Hypoxidaceae
                  • Ixioliriaceae
                  • Tecophilaeaceae
                  • Doryanthaceae
                  • Iridaceae (irises)
                  • Xeronemataceae
                  • Asphodelaceae
                  • 'core' Asparagales
                    • Amaryllidaceae s.l
                    • Asparagaceae s.l. (includes asparagus, agapanthus, allium, agaves and yuccas)
              • commelinids (c118mya)
                • Arecales
                • Poales
                • Zingiberales
                • Commelinales
            • Ceratophyllum, about 6 species of aquatic plants
            • Eudicots, about 175,000 species dicotyledons eg. sunflowers, petunia, buttercup, apples, and oaks
              • evolved early Cretaceous and includes most leafy trees of midlatitudes
              • basal eudicots
                • Ranunculales
                • Proteales
                • Trochodendrales
                • Buxales
              • core eudicots
                • superrosids
                  • Saxifragales
                  • rosids
                    • fabids
                      • Fabales (legumes, acacia)
                      • Rosales (roses)
                      • Fagales (beeches)
                      • Cucurbitales
                      • Oxalidales
                      • Malpighiales
                      • Celastrales
                      • Zygophyllales
                    • malvids
                      • Geraniales
                      • Myrtales (myrtles, eucalyptus)
                      • Crossosomatales
                      • Picramniales
                      • Malvales
                      • Brassicales
                      • Huerteales
                      • Sapindales
                • superasterids
                  • Santalales
                  • Berberidopsidales
                  • Caryophyllales
                  • asterids
                    • Cornales
                    • Ericales
                    • euasterids
                      • campanulids
                        • Aquifoliales (holly)
                        • asterales
                          • Asteraceae (daisies)
                        • Escalloniales
                        • Bruniales
                        • Apiales
                        • Dipsacales
                        • Paracryphiales
                      • lamiids
                        • Solanales
                        • Lamiales
                        • Vahliales
                        • Gentianales
                        • Boraginales
                        • Garryales
                        • Metteniusales
                        • Icacinales

• the first flowering plants evolved around 140mya
• 50-80% of the main family stems of angiosperms evolved in the warmest period of the Cretaceous from 100-90mya
• the diversification leading to the extant diversity of most of the non-monotypic families (56–91%) did not start until the Cenozoic (56-37mya), this occurred in the context of profound changes in terrestrial ecosystems, including a well-documented trend of global warming in the Palaeocene and Eocene¹⁾